Find the XOR of Numbers in a Range

Find the XOR of Numbers in a Range

Compute the XOR of all integers from 1 to N in O(1) time.

Input format

A single integer N (1 ≤ N ≤ 10^9).

Output format

Print the XOR of all integers from 1 to N.

Constraints

• Values fit in a 64-bit signed integer
• Trailing whitespace and a trailing newline are ignored by the judge

Read from stdin, write to stdout. Sample cases below show the exact format.

1

1

2

3